Gwajin ƙasa da horo ba za su iya zama ba tare da fasahar kwaikwayo, kayan aikin kwaikwayo. Don fahimtar fasahar kwaikwayo da kayan aikin kwaikwayo, dole ne a fara fahimtar yanayin sararin samaniya mai ɗan adam.

(1) injin muhalli da kuma kwaikwayon

A tsawon kilomita 500 da jirgin sama na sararin samaniya ke da ɗan adam, ƙwarewar injin sararin samaniya ta kasance kimanin 10-6 Pa; A tsawo na 1,000 kilomita, injin sararin samaniya yana kimanin 10-8 Pa.

A lokacin gudanar da gwajin kwaikwayon zafi na yanayin sararin samaniya da na sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya (galibi gwajin injin zafi da gwajin daidaitaccen zafi), damuwa ita ce tasirin yanayin injin zafi a kan halayen zafi na gwajin. Lokacin da injin ya kai sama da 10-2 Pa, watsa zafi na radiation ya zama babban nau'in watsa zafi, tasirin convection da watsa zafi na watsawa ya iya watsi da shi. Saboda haka, sararin samaniya kwaikwayon kayan aiki kwaikwayon inji ya kai 10-3 Pa darajar girma, ya riga ya iya mafi gaskiya kwaikwayon zafi musayar yanayin inji na jirgin sama jirgin sama, ba tare da bin mafi girman inji. Kawai wasu gwaje-gwaje na musamman, kamar injin bushewar gogewa da gwajin waldi mai sanyi, da dai sauransu, suna buƙatar samar da kayan aikin gwaji na mafi girman injin.

(2) Yanayin hasken rana da kwaikwayo

A kowane lokaci, rana tana fitar da makamashi mai yawa zuwa sararin samaniya, tsawon raƙuman hasken rana yana rufe yanki mai faɗi daga mita 10-14 (hasken gamma) zuwa mita 104 (raƙuman rediyo), tsawon raƙuman hasken rana daban-daban, kuma makamashin radiation ya bambanta. Hasken haske mai gani yana da mafi girman makamashi, kuma hasken haske mai gani da hasken infrared yana da sama da kashi 90% na jimlar makamashin hasken rana.

A lokacin jirgin sama, jirgin sama da kayan aiki na sararin samaniya suna karɓar makamashi guda uku: makamashi daga hasken rana da kuma hasken infrared, makamashi daga hasken rana da ke nuna hasken duniya da kuma hasken zafi daga yanayin duniya. Wadannan makamashi da jigilar sararin samaniya da kayan aikin sararin samaniya ke sha suna shafar zafin jiki da rarraba su, girman makamashin da aka sha ya dogara da siffar tsarinsa, halayen kayan farfajiyarsa da kuma kewayon jirgin sama. Wave tsawon kasa da 300 nanometers na ultraviolet, radiation makamashi ko da yake wakiltar kawai wani ƙaramin ɓangare na total rana radiation makamashi, amma zai sa kayan aiki na haske na farfajiyar da wani babban canji. Tasirin radiation ultraviolet ya bayyana a matsayin photochemical tasiri da kuma haske quantum tasiri.

Gwajin kwaikwayon hasken rana yana iya kwaikwayon tasirin zafi na hasken rana da tasirin sunadarai na hasken rana a kan jirgin sama da kayan sararin samaniya na waje. Idan kawai an kwaikwayo tasirin zafi, an kira shi kwaikwayon zafi na sararin samaniya. Akwai hanyoyi biyu na kwaikwayon zafi na sararin samaniya, ɗaya shine hanyar kwaikwayon ruwa mai shiga, wanda aka fi sani da hanyar kwaikwayon rana; Wani nau'i shine tsarin kwaikwayon zafi mai zafi, wanda aka sani da tsarin kwaikwayon infrared. General siffar da kuma surface kayan siffar rikitarwa gwaji, dace da amfani da hasken rana kwaikwayon hanyar; Ka'idodin siffar, siffar farfajiyar kayan gwaji guda ɗaya, za a iya amfani da hanyar kwaikwayon infrared. Idan ana buƙatar kwaikwayon photochemical tasirin yanayin UV radiation, za a iya amfani da na'urar kwaikwayon UV radiation.

(3) Space sanyi baƙar fata muhalli da kuma kwaikwayo

Yanayin zafin jiki na sararin samaniya yana da daidaitaccen zafin jiki na kusan 3K, tare da yawan sha zafi na 1, wanda za a iya gani a matsayin cikakken baƙar fata ba tare da radiation mai zafi da tunanin zafi ba. Lokacin da babu hasken rana, sararin samaniya sarari ne mai "sanyi" da "baki". A cikin wannan yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata, duk ƙarfin zafi da abu ke fitarwa an sha shi gaba ɗaya, saboda haka an san shi da yanayin zafi. Yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata yana da babban tasiri a kan kayan aikin zafi na jirgin sama da kayan aikin sararin samaniya, haɓaka jirgin sama da kayan aikin sararin samaniya, dole ne a yi cikakken gwajin injin zafi da daidaitaccen zafi a cikin yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata na kwaikwayo don tabbatar da ko ƙirar zafi da kayan aikin zafi sun cika buƙatun.

Don kwaikwayon yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata na sararin samaniya, yawanci ana amfani da kayan da aka yi da kayan aluminum, jan ƙarfe ko bakin karfe don rufe farfajiyarsa ta ciki da baƙar fata na musamman tare da babban ƙimar sha, da kuma shigar da ruwan nitrogen a cikin kayan aiki, irin wannan na'urar da ake kira zafi. A halin yanzu, dukkan kasashen sararin samaniya na duniya suna amfani da wannan zafi mai zafi mai zafi a matsayin tushen sanyi don kwaikwayon yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata na sararin samaniya, saboda ƙididdigar ka'idar nazarin zafi da nazarin bayanan gwaji sun nuna cewa zafi mai zafi tare da zafin jiki na 77K mai zafi da ƙimar sha sama da 0.9 don kwaikwayon yanayin sanyi da baƙar fata na sararin samaniya, kuskuren kwaikwayon shine kusan kashi 1% ne kawa Bugu da ƙari, bin ƙananan zafin jiki ba shi da mahimmanci kuma zai ƙara wahalar fasaha da zuba jari a cikin kayan aikin kwaikwayo.